Review on Large-Area Synthesis of Graphene Films, Transfer process, Characterizations and Applications - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2925 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/03/18 Category Analytics Essay Level High school Topics: Characterization Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Recently, much attention has turned to the structural and electronic properties of carbon-based materials. At present, especially, graphene is the hottest topics in condensed-matter physics and materials science. This is because graphene has not only unusual properties regarding extreme mechanical strength, thermal conductivity and 2-diemensional films, but also peculiar electronic characteristics such as Dirac-particles with a linear dispersion, transport energy gap and simply absorption coefficient of lights (Geim Novoselov, 2007; Nair et al., 2008). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Review on Large-Area Synthesis of Graphene Films, Transfer process, Characterizations and Applications" essay for you Create order These unique properties mean it could have a wide array of practical uses. In addition to monolayer graphene, few-layer graphene has been extensively studied. For example, bi-layer graphene creates a band gap when an external electric field is applied (Castro et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2009). Graphene sheets have been produced mainly by exfoliating graphene flakes from bulk graphite and depositing them on the SiO2/Si substrate. However, the size and crystalline quality are not easily controlled. Some groups have grown epitaxially graphene sheets on SiC(0001) (Hibino et al., 2010), however the graphene layers have been widely distributed in thickness. ((N. G. Prikhod’ko et al. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B Vol. 8 No. 1 2014) Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice, is a 2D material with outstanding physical properties. The successful isolation of graphene has drawn great interest for experimental investigations and has opened the route for a wide range of potential applications. Mechanically exfoliated graphene from bulk graphite has enabled fundamental investigations on the physical properties of graphene; however, this technique is not suitable for the integration in practical device fabrication processes nor for the synthesis of large surface area devices. For several applications, if one excludes active semiconducting devices exploiting the quantum properties of single carbon layers, a material composed of a few layers graphene (FLG) is also extremely promising. The overall characteristics of graphene ?lms, both single and FLG, such as size, crystallinity, continuity, homogeneity and fabrication reproducibility are mandatory for successful practical application. (R. G iorgi et al). Synthesis methods Synthesis of Graphene Films in a Flame The results of studying the synthesis of graphenes in a premixed propane–oxygen–argon flame at atmospheric conditions are reported. The temperature of 900–950 °C and exposure time of 5 min are demonstrated to be suitable for the synthesis of graphene films on a nickel substrate, which is preferable to a copper substrate. It is demonstrated that the formation of graphene layers on the substrate occurs vertically along the flame height, with subsequent changeover to a soot structure. It is shown that the minimum number of graphene layers (two or three) is observed at angles of inclination of the substrate relative to the vertical axis of the flame within 0 °Ã¢â‚¬â€œ30 °. (N. G. Prikhod’ko et al. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B Vol. 8 No. 1 2014) Photograph of a nickel substrate with carbon struc_ ture. The Ni(111) surface is the excellent substrate for growth of single-layer-graphene sheet with macroscopic dimensions. Graphene sheets with a 1 x 1 atomic structure grew up epitaxially by CVD or surface segregation techniques. We in-situ observed the graphene growth of mono-, bi- and tri-layer step by step using carbon segregation phenomena on Ni(111) by LEEM. The summaries are as follows; One can grow the uniform monolayer graphene on Ni(111) by adjusting the temperature. No domain boundaries and wrinkles were detected by LEEM. The second- and the third-layer graphene grew at the interface under the first and the second layers. Bi-layer graphene domains grew at least 100?m scale. The third-layer started to grow before the completion of second-layer at 1050K in this experiment. More precise control of temperature seems to be required to complete the second-layer before starting the third-layer growth. Shape of the islands differed depending on the thickness; the first- and third layer islands exhibit hexagonal edges, while the second-layer islands possess dendritic edges. The different shapes of the first, second and third-layer islands presumably originate from the interfacial-bond strength depending on the graphene thickness. The number of nucleation sites of graphene growth is extremely small on Ni(111) surface, which is an important factor for growth of large single-domain graphene crystals. Chemical etching the Ni substrate made it possible to separate macroscopic selfstanding graphene sheets. Synthesis of Graphene Films on Copper Substrates by CVD of Different Precursors: Graphene ?lms of the order of 1cm2 were grown on copper foil substrates by CVD using hydrogen/methane or hydrogen/argon/ethanol mixturesasgasprecursors. The growth processes were performed near 1,000?C both at atmospheric and low pressures. A system for the fast cooling of the sample, based on the fast extraction from the hot zone of the furnace, was implemented allowing for rapid decrease of the temperature below 600?C in few seconds. Samples grown under different conditions were analyzed by SEM, Raman spectroscopy and XPS with the aim to assess their characteristics and to re?ne the growth process. (R. Giorgi et al). Scheme of the CVD reactor Graphene growth process SEM image of Cu substrate after graphene growth Films consisting of less than 5 graphene layers have been grown by CVD both from methane and ethanol as precursors. The use of copper substrates has allowed the growth of large area continuous ?lms of the order of 1cm2; a wet procedure was followed for the transfer of the grapheme ?lms on to SiO2/Si substrates more suitable for their characterization. Pressure and growth time have been found to be the main process parameters affecting the thickness and the quality of the graphene ?lms. The grown ?lms exhibited good crystallinity, but resulted composed of different overlapping regions with different number of layer. Factors in?uencing the ?lm homogeneity and uniformity have been identi?ed in the substrate features. Future work will be focused on the optimization of substrate treatments, with the aim to achieve more uniform large area graphene ?lms with controlled structure: number of layers and crystallinity. The matching of the large copper grain size (upto 1mm) with controlled growt h of graphene (single and FLG) remains an interesting goal and a high challenge. (R. Giorgi et al). Large-Area Synthesis of Graphene Films on Copper Foils: Large-area graphene films of the order of centimeters on copper substrates was grown by chemical vapor deposition using methane. The films are predominantly single layer graphene with a small percentage (less than 5%) of the area having few layers, and are continuous across copper surface steps and grain boundaries. The low solubility of carbon in copper appears to help make this growth process self-limiting. Graphene film transfer processes were also developed to arbitrary substrates, and dual-gated field-effect transistors fabricated on Si/SiO2 substrates showed electron mobilities as high as 4050 cm2V-1s-1 at room temperature. (Xuesong Li.) Time dependence of experimental parameters: temperature, pressure, and gas composition/flow rate. SEM images of graphene on Cu with different growth times of (A) 1 min, (B) 2.5 min, (C) 10 min, and (D) 60 min, respectively. In recent work, thin Ni films and a fast-cooling process have been used to suppress the amount of precipitated C. However, this process still yields films with a wide range of graphene layer thicknesses, from one to a few tens of layers and with defects associated with fast cooling (5-7). Our results suggest that the graphene growth process is not one of C precipitation but rather a CVD process. The precise mechanism will require additional experiments to understand in full, but very low C solubility in Cu (23-25), and poor C saturation as a result of graphene surface coverage may be playing a role in limiting or preventing the precipitation process altogether at high temperature, similar to the case of impeding of carburization of Ni (26). This provides a pathway for growing self-limited graphene films. To evaluate the electrical quality of the synthesized graphene, we fabricated dual-gated FET with Al2O3 as the gate dielectric and measured them at room temperature. Along with a dev ice model that incorporates a finite density at the Dirac point, the dielectric, and the quantum capacitances (9), the data are shown in Fig. 3. The extracted carrier mobility for this device is ~4050 cm2V-1s-1, with the residual carrier concentration at the Dirac point of n0=3.2Ãâ€"1011 cm-2. These data suggest that the films are of reasonable quality, at least sufficient to continue improving the growth process to achieve a material quality equivalent to the exfoliated natural graphite. (Xuesong Li.) Synthesis of multi-layer graphene ?lms on copper tape by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition method: Graphene ?lms were successfully synthesized by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) method. Methane (CH4) gas and copper (Cu) tapes were used as a carbon source and a catalyst, respectively. The CVD temperature and time were in the range of 800–1000?C and 10s to 45min, respectively. The role of the CVD temperature and time on the growth of graphene ?lms was investigated in detail via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy techniques. The results of SEM images and Raman spectra show that the quality of the graphene ?lms was improved with increasing of CVD temperature due to the increase of catalytic activity. Multilayer graphene ?lms were successfully synthesized on the Cu tapes by APCVD method. The quality of the graphene ?lms was improved with increasing CVD temperature. The growth time does not much affect the number of layers of graphene ?lms. CVD temperature of 1000?C and CVD time of 30min are the optimum temperature and time for growing high-quality graphene ?lms on the Cu tape, respectively. The graphene ?lms were successfully transferred from the Cu tape to other substrates by wet etching Cu with a solution of iron(III) nitrate. (Van Tu Nguyen1. Adv. Nat. Sci. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 4 (2013) 035012 (5pp) Self-Standing Graphene Sheets Prepared with Chemical Vapor Deposition and Chemical Etching: The growth mechanism of graphene layers on Ni(111) surface was studied. The in-situ observation of the graphene growth of mono-, bi- and tri-layers using carbon segregation phenomena on Ni(111) by low energy electron microscopy (LEEM) were reported, which is a powerful technique to investigate thin films in mesoscopic scale. We also fabricated the self-standing graphene sheets by chemically etching the substrate (Odahara et al., 2009). The chemical process to remove the Ni substrate makes it possible to prepare a self-standing graphene sheets, which are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or transmission electron microscopy (TEM). . Typical snapshots of LEEM images obtained as the temperature was decreased from 1200 K to 1125 K (images (a) to (d)). The observed area was 6?m field-of-view. Letter in each image indicates the time-lapse order. Two graphene domains were united to form one graphene sheet. Image (e) is a typical LEEM image of 100?m field-of-view. The surface was entirely covered with monolayer graphene. LEEM images were obtained at the primary electron energy of 3.5 eV. Image (f) is a typical ?LEED pattern observed in the graphenecovered surface. The orientation of the graphene was slightly altered because the sheet is curved. Typical LEEM images of the graphene growth at different stages: (a)-(b) the first layer growth observed at 1125K, (d)-(f) the second layer at 1050K and (g)-(h) the third layer at 1050K. Image (c) is a typical ?LEED pattern of a 1 x 1 atomic structure obtained from the single-layer graphene-covered surface. Image (i) is the electron reflectivity-energy curves obtained from each area. (a) A TEM image of a carbon aggregate on the Au mesh with squares 10 ?m Ãâ€" 10 ?m in area, (b) A magnified TEM image of the thinnest area of the carbon aggregate, and (c) its electron diffraction pattern. A TEM image of the other area in the carbon aggregate (a) and its diffraction pattern (b). One can see clearly doublets of diffraction spots in (b), and new cabon-nano-tube like structures in (a). The hole was covered with double-layer graphene. Typical Raman spectrum of the monolayer self-standing graphene sheets. Small defect-origin D peak was detected at ?1350 cm-1. 15. The SEM image of single graphene sheet at 5 kV and its LETED pattern (upper right). The LETED pattern of single-layer graphene at (a) 1 kV and (b) 500 V. The SEM image of folding double graphene sheet (a) and its LETED pattern at (b) 4 kV and (c) 2kV. The Ni(111) surface is the excellent substrate for growth of single-layer-graphene sheet with macroscopic dimensions. Graphene sheets with a 1 x 1 atomic structure grew up epitaxially by CVD or surface segregation techniques. We in-situ observed the graphene growth of mono-, bi- and tri-layer step by step using carbon segregation phenomena on Ni(111) by LEEM. The summaries are as follows; One can grow the uniform monolayer graphene on Ni(111) by adjusting the temperature. No domain boundaries and wrinkles were detected by LEEM. The second- and the third-layer graphene grew at the interface under the first and the second layers. Bi-layer graphene domains grew at least 100?m scale. The third-layer started to grow before the completion of second-layer at 1050K in this experiment. More precise control of temperature seems to be required to complete the second-layer before starting the third-layer growth. Shape of the islands differed depending on the thickness; the first- and third- layer islands exhibit hexagonal edges, while the second-layer islands possess dendritic edges. The different shapes of the first, second and third-layer islands presumably originate from the interfacial-bond strength depending on the graphene thickness. The number of nucleation sites of graphene growth is extremely small on Ni(111) surface, which is an important factor for growth of large single-domain graphene crystals. Chemical etching the Ni substrate made it possible to separate macroscopic self standing graphene sheets. (Jian Ru Gong. 2011) Applications of large scale grapheme Graphene for nanoelectronics Graphene shows a glaring ambipolar electric field effect whereby charge carriers can be tuned continuously between electrons to holes. Single layer graphene atop a thermally grown SiO2 layer on a highly doped Si substrate may serve as a prototype of a field effect transistor. Under this arrangement, SiO2 play the role of an insulating layer, so a back-gate voltage can be applied to vary carrier concentration (figure 11b). Early graphene FET devices demonstrated by Novoselov exhibited dopant concentrations as high as 1013 cm–2and achieved a mobility that could exceed 10,000 cm2 /Vs (Novoselov, Geim et al. 2004). This translates into ballistic transport on submicron scales. The room-temperature mobilityis limited by impurities or corrugations of the graphene surface, which means that it can still be improved significantly up to the order of 105 cm2 /Vs (Bolotin, Sikes et al. 2008; Du,Skachko et al. 2008). Electrons present in graphene act like mass-less comparable particles controlling a majority of its electronic properties. Among the most important results of such uncommon diffusion relation can be seen in the case of half-integer â€Å"Quantum Hall Effect† and the unavailability of localization, which can be very essential for graphene-based field effect transistors, (FET), (Geim and Novoselov 2007). Mechanical exfoliation of highly ordered pyrolitic graphite (HOPG) or high purity graphite flakes can lead to the generation of graphene crystals with very few flaws, which in turn show high movability of the charge carriers. Figure 12 shows scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) of the grapheme based device reported in the literature as having the highest electron mobility to date (Bolotin, Sikes et al. 2008). The graphene film was obtained by mechanical exfoliation of graphite on Si/SiO2 substrate in which the oxide layer below the grapheme was et ched in order to obtain a free-standing graphene flake connecting the metal electrodes. Electrical measurements of resistivity vs. gate voltage show the intrinsic ambipolar characteristics of graphene. It was also established that the transfer characteristics of the device is greatly improved after undergoing a high-current annealing procedure to remove contaminants from the graphene surface. Mobility ? for this device reaches an exceptional value of 230,000 cm2/Vs measured at the highest carrier density n = 2x1011cm-2. Such high mobility would in principle favor high frequency performance. Furthermore, graphene devices pursuing high frequency have demonstrated encouraging characteristics, exhibiting a cutoff frequency fT of 26 GHz, which is the frequency at which the current gain becomes unity and signifies the highest frequency at which signals are propagated (Lin, Jenkins et al. 2008). Only recently, P. Avouris and collaborators reported the fabrication of graphene FETs on SiC substrates with cutoff frequency of 100 GHz for adevice of gate length of 240 nm and using a source-drain voltage of 2.5 V (Lin, Dimitrakopoulos et al.). This fT exceeds those previously reported for graphene FETs as well as those for Si metal-oxide semiconductor FETs for the same gate length (~40 GHz at240 nm) (Meric, Baklitskaya et al. 2008; Moon, Curtis et al. 2009). CVD graphene for macroelectronics: Transparent conductive films Another intrinsic property of graphene is its transparency. A single sheet of grapheme absorbs only 2.3 % of the incident light. Such combination of high conductivity and lowlight absorption makes this material an ideal candidate as a transparent conductive film. It isvery tempting to use the unique properties of graphene for technology applications even beyond graphene FET applications. Composite materials, photo-detectors, support for biological samples in TEM, mode-lockers for ultrafast lasers and many more areas wouldgain strongly from using graphene for non-FET purposes. Graphene applications in photovoltaics Photovoltaic cells: Graphene vs ITO Solar energy harvesting using organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells has been proposed as a means to achieve low-cost energy due to their ease of manufacture, light weight and compatibility with flexible substrates. A critical aspect of this type of optoelectronic device is the transparent conductive electrode through which light couples into the device. Conventional OPVs typically use transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) or fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) as such electrodes (Peumans, Yakimov et al. 2003). However, the scarcity of indium reserves, intensive processing requirements, and highly brittle nature of metal oxides impose serious limitations on the use of these materials for applications where cost, physical conformation, and mechanical flexibility are important.

Has 9 / 11 Benefited America - 1969 Words

Has 9/11 Benefitted America? Total devastation, thousands of lives lost, the worst terrorist attack in American history. On September 11th, 2001, Islamic terrorists had hijacked four American Airlines planes with the intentions to reign terror on the United States of America, two of the airplanes crashing into the Twin Towers, one into the Pentagon, and one in a field in Pennsylvania. Many people speculate that these attacks were the responsibility of Osama Bin Laden, especially after a recent report by news outlet Independent. To quote the article; ?Osama bin Laden planned the September 11 attacks after being ?inspired? by a chance discussion about a plane crash in the US, al-Qaeda propaganda has claimed.? (Dearden 1) In summary, the article claims that an Al-Qaeda propaganda magazine, titled al-Masr?, stated that Bin Laden, upon hearing about the EgyptAir plane crash on November 1st, 2000, asked ?Why didn?t [Gameel Al-Batouti] crash [the plane] into a building Osama was said to be inspired by the deliberate crashing of the EgyptAir plane. The al-Masr? article then goes on to claim that that moment of inspiration was the origin of the 9/11 plot. Was the motive behind the terrorist attack to wage a holy war? Was the attack carried out to plant fear in the hearts of the American people? Or was the catastrophic attack all for Al-Qaeda?s notoriety? The attack was terrible indeed, but many people claim that despite the terrorist attack that took place on 9/11, 2001, andShow MoreRelatedImpact Of The On American Society Essay1120 Words   |  5 PagesPost, the number of cancer cases of 9/11 first respondents had hugely increased from 1,140 to over 2,500 within a year. 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scope limitation - 1048 Words

SCOPE, LIMITATIONS, and DELIMITATIONS By Marilyn K. Simon and Jim Goes Includes excerpts from Simon Goes (2013), Dissertation and Scholarly Research: Recipes for Success. Seattle, WA: Dissertation Success LLC Find this and many other dissertation guides and resources at www.dissertationrecipes.com Scope The scope of the study refers to the parameters under which the study will be operating. The problem you seek to resolve will fit within certain parameters. Think of the scope as the domain of your research—what’s in the domain, and what is not. You need to make it as clear as possible what you will be studying and what factors are within the accepted range of your study. For example, if you are studying the ill effects of†¦show more content†¦Thus, we may not know whether the findings will generalize to other people, situations, or conceptualizations of the variables. Within particular bounds, significant findings from an experimental study may infer a general cause, but the presence of other unmeasured variables can limit that inference. Limitations of Survey Instruments Surveys that are distributed with time constraints were noted by Delva, Kirby, Knapper, and Birtwhistle (2002) as problematic in that people who struggle with real or perceived time constraints are less likely to respond to surveys because these possible respondents feel overworked – they just do not have the time to complete the survey. Surveys often also suffer the limitation of forcing respondents into particular response categories, thereby limiting the range of responses. Unlike an interview, where respondents can ask clarifying questions, respondents are usually limited to the text in the survey itself for direction about how to complete it and where to respond. 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Future Of Foreign State Regulation And Economics Essay

Future of FDI in Canada in oil and gas sector The future of government regulation and Economics Even though Canadian government is showing protective approach presently because of several factors that have affected the land, and has taken the country s wealth to another country. But some believe that because of the foreign investment the wealth of the country has increased, and this has contributed to the overall development of the Canada and the world. Today, there is so much investment done and this looks like it is going to increase in future, and this has shown sign of rejection from the country’s environmentalists because it is taking away the natural resources and polluting the environment. Even though the nation has been benefited, there is contrary feeling towards it. There is different opinions and people are worried about the long run benefits or effects (Avery, Glossop, Olexiuk, 2013). On the other hand, the government is taking steps to make sure that too much power or all assets are not handled by foreign companies. But some economists believe the rules and regulations of the government in the past has benefited and supported foreign firms rather than domestic firms because they were trying to cut down the expenses and increase profit in the form of tax. So, the Gray report puts forward the following policy which suggests Canadians to exercise high command over the business and environment, increase the profit and reduce the harm of foreign directShow MoreRelated Can We Have Free Trade and Reduce Pollution of the Environment?779 Words   |  4 PagesProtect the Environment? nbsp; Endorsing free trade is easy. Ask an Economics professor why free trade is good and you will surelynbsp; be shown a graph with three or more intersecting lines that show a higher rate of output for nations that participate in free trade than nations that do not. 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Literary Analysis †the Road Not Taken Free Essays

Literary Analysis – The Road Not Taken Shannon Eads Carradine ENG 125 Instructor Allen March 11, 2013 Choices. Each and every one of us makes choices in our everyday life. We may not always make the right choice, but we learn and grow from the wrong ones. We will write a custom essay sample on Literary Analysis – the Road Not Taken or any similar topic only for you Order Now That is what life is all about; choices. In Robert Frost’s poem, The Road Not Taken, he reflects on life’s choices. â€Å"Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both/And be one traveler, long I stood† (Clugston, 2010). I am very familiar with this poem; one that I have known since childhood. I did not know it at the time what my great-grandmother was trying to express to me about this poem, but as I aged it became more and more apparent to me; she was trying to teach me about life and making the right choices. The tone of this poem is of ambiguous deliberation; meaning that the speaker (persona) is deep in thought pondering on which path he or she should take and whether or not it is and will be the right path. The tone really sets the mood right from the beginning and flows well until the last stanza when it states: â€Å"I shall be telling this with a sigh† (Clugston, 2010). Although the speaker (persona) will be sighing when he or she tells the story of this important life decision, it is not a sigh of regret; it is a sigh of happiness. Although my great-grandmother read this poem to me in my childhood years, I have never actually read the poem myself. I was amazed at how this poem kept me intrigued and wanting to read it. This is very hard for me to do; wanting to read. So, I will say it did its job, so to speak. Frost starts the poem with: â€Å"Two roads diverged in a yellow wood† (Clugston, 2010). The two roads diverged symbolizes there are two different choices or paths; while in a yellow wood symbolizes the aging of the person. With that being said, taking the one less traveled by means that the speaker (persona) chose the best path for him or her at that time in their life. For it states in the poem: â€Å"And that has made all the difference† (Clugston, 2010) leads me to believe that he did indeed choose he right path for him or herself. The second stanza of this poem is full of contradiction. If one is just as fair as the other then how can one be a better claim than the other? And if both paths have been worn about the same, then why was the â€Å"better claimed† path grassy and in need of wear? Then again in the first line of the third stanza states: â€Å"And both that morning equally lay† (Clugston, 2010). Thi s was very confusing to me because I could not figure out the concept of that idea and why the contradiction. It is almost as if the speaker (persona) is weighing his or her options and having problems in choosing a path. Although my great-grandmother read this poem to me in my childhood years, I have never actually read the poem myself. I was amazed at how this poem kept me intrigued and wanting to read it. This is very hard for me to do; wanting to read. So, I will say it did its job, so to speak. I believe I may have a whole new outlook on reading and may be able to let myself go on a journey inside some form of literature; more than music or television. I love this poem! It has the feeling of great knowledge; when we choose the right path in life, we will live in happiness. I often set back and reflect on all of the choices I have made in my life, but still wonder sometimes if it was the right choice for me at that particular moment. I believe we all, at some point in our life, ponder on that imaginative question, â€Å"What if? † Life is all about choices and making the right choice does make all the difference. Reference: Clugston, R. W. (2010). Journey Into Literature. Bridgepoint Education Inc. , San Diego, CA: Retrieved from content. ashford. edu How to cite Literary Analysis – the Road Not Taken, Essay examples

The Issue of Protecting the Destination through the Green-Tourism

Question: Discuss about the International Tourism and Hotel Management ? Answer: Introducation The article is about the Australias Great Barrier Reef that is one of the Seven Wonders of the World. The author says that the Great Barrier Reef is one of the tourist attraction destinations in the world that receives about 2 million visitors from around the world each year. The author reports on a novel scheme fashioned to lower the effect of tourism on the global most extensive reef system. Bruce underscores sin his article the fact that the 2 300 kilometer length reef attract tourists that visit the different islands. The article gives the initiatives that have been taken to the destination because of the tourism sector to ensure that it is protected to increase the number of visitors (Brace 2003, pp. 98). The article says that chemicals are polluting the water and plagues of crown-of-thorns starfish that has damaged about 20 percent of the individual reefs. This has sparked new initiatives to protect the reef through the green-tourism campaign. This implies that tourism has enabled the campaign that is seen to protect the reef to attract more tourists in the future. The author says that the tour firms are vetted to continue protecting the place. This has seen the destination increase the number of the visitors coming to the destination and increased profits. It is projected that the reef brings about A $ 1 billion annually. This has encouraged the management to practice sustainable tourism as the environmental concerns. The issue of protecting the destination through the green-tourism campaign and other initiatives is designed to eliminate the negative impact of tourism on the location. The location is one of the leading tourist destinations around the world and needs to be protected to increase the number of tourists. The article says that the cause assisted by a novel set of guidelines to assist tour operators to locate diving platforms that will cause less environmental damage and a new atlas of waves. The atlas maps will help tour operators to get information regarding waves encountered on the reef during cyclones, and look for appropriate sites for pontoons. The green-tourism campaign and other initiatives on the destination will help to conserve the Great Barrier Reef to continue attracting more tourists. These initiatives are important in ensuring that tourists enjoy the best when they visit the destination. This is a great article that has sufficient information on the impact of activities in the GBR on the tourism sector. Kragt, M. E., P. C. Roebeling, A. Ruijs. 2009. Effects of Great Barrier Reef degradation on recreational reef-trip demand: a contingent behaviour approach, Australian Journal Agricultural and Resource Economics, 53:213-229. The article talks about the Great Barrier Reef, which is the global biggest coral reef ecosystem which is globally known for its aesthetic beauty. The authors underscore the reality the destination serves as a great ecological destination for many industries that operates in this area of which tourism industry is the most significant. The information provided in the article revolves around the impact of tourism on the destination brought about by the Great Barrier Reef. Furthermore, the authors give the benefits accrued from the coral reefs that come with the tourism industry every year. The article begins by stressing the magnitude of the Great Barrier Reef being the largest coral reef ecosystem popular for its aesthetic beauty. The authors say that the destination is of great importance for the tourism industry because of the benefits that it comes with which include economic significance. The authors say that the destination attracts more than 1.6 million guests annually and tourism sector offers more employment that any other industry in the Great Barrier Reef destination. However, the article stresses that the degradation of the coral reefs because of the sediments brought by increased agricultural activity in the region negatively affects the profits from tourists. The authors try to estimate to what degree a decrease in the quality of the Great Barrier Reef impacts the demand for recreational trips by tourists to the area. The other information in the article is the relationship between the incomes and reef-tourism industry. This implies that the authors attem pt to find the effect of revenues on reef-tourism that will lead to improved development of effective management policies in the destination to increase the number of tourists (Kragt et al, 2009). The key ideas of the article clearly relate to the Great Barrier Reef because it attempts to explore the relationship between the effect of degradation of the coral reefs and the income on the tourism industry. This implies that the authors believe that the degradation will likely to affect negatively the quality of coral reefs that will affect the incomes from the industry. The continued degradation of the coral reefs because of the increased agricultural activities in the area is likely to affect negatively the quality of these corals. This, in turn, will reduce the number of the tourists visiting the destination as it is no longer appealing to them. Consequently, this will reduce the employment and incomes that come with tourist (Kragt et al, 2009). This will negatively impact the tourism industry that will affect the economic position of the area. The authors used the macroeconomic theory to prove that degradation has a direct relationship to the quality of the reefs and economic viability of the destination. The article is great because it links the impacts of the activities in the Great Barrier Reef on the tourism industry. Carr, L. Meldelsohn, R. 2003. Valuing Coral Reefs: A Travel Cost Analysis of the Great Barrier Reef, Ambio, 32 (5): 353-357. The article explores the international, as well as domestic travel to the Great Barrier Reef that will allow the estimation of the benefits that the reef offers to about 2 million guests every year. The authors highlight the fact that there are several threats to the existing coral reefs in the GBR area. They stress that there are several benefits that comes with the protection of the catchment area, especially to the tourism industry. More so, the article highlights indirect and direct costs of the coral reefs by emphasizing travel costs. The key ideas in the article are about the estimation of the travel costs associated with visitors that visit the area for recreational purposes. The authors use demand models to estimate the travel costs to find the costs that are needed to estimate these costs that comes to the GBR area. Travel cost method is the method widely used to estimate the costs associated with tourism activities in the GBR region, which popular globally. The article supports the need to support protection and conservation practices in the area to maintain coral reef health and sustainable resource that will sustain the tourism industry in Australia. The authors say that the finances from tourists visiting GBR area benefits both domestic and international nations (Carr Meldelsohn 2003). The key idea of estimating the costs associated with the benefits that is accrued from GBR is important in understanding the impacts of the destination to the tourism industry. This is attributed to the fact that area has been the main pillar of the tourism industry. The travel cost method is appropriate in this scenario as emphasized by the authors because it promotes the understanding of the benefits of the area. The findings from the article are important since it will used to understand the region, especially on the benefits from tourists visiting the area. The findings of the article will be applied to undertake improvements in the area to boost conservation efforts and attract visitors from internationally and domestically. Willacy. C. 2016. Great Barrier Reef coral bleaching could cost $1b in lost tourism, research suggests, ABC. Retrieved on April 25, 2017. The article offers information on the effects of continued bleaching of the Great Barrier Reef on tourism. The author says this continued bleaching could result in the loss of around $1 billion in the tourism sector. The bleaching effect on the coral reef in the GBR will result in the decline in the number of the guests visiting the destination leading to the loss in tourism revenue. The article underlines the fact that the bleaching of the coral reefs of the GBR will cause a substantial loss of the tourism that will have a subsequent effect on the economic viability of the area. The author estimates the loss will result in about $ 1 billion, which was estimated after surveying more than 3,000 Chinese, United States and United Kingdom visitors and 1,400 domestic guests in the GBR area. The author estimates based on survey results that there are about 175,000 tourists who risk coming to Australia at all if the reef carries on to be bleached and about 900,000 tourists are likely to choose other destinations. This will also result in unemployment cases in the area between (39,000 and 45,000 jobs) (Willacy 2016). The key ideas of the article relate to the article because it addresses the problem facing coral reefs in the GBR area as one of the leading tourist destination and that this will likely to affect the economy of the region. This means that tourists are likely to choose another destination other than GBR that have healthy reefs. The articles key ideas bring into perspective the impact of bleaching and that there is the need to deal with the dilemma of climate change and initiate other measures to save the area and ensure that there is a positive publicity from the media. Hannam, P. 2017. Great Barrier Reef tourism headed for tough times as coral bleaching worsens, The Sidney Morning Herald. Retrieved on April 25, 2017. The article says that the Great Barrier is headed for difficult times in the history because of issues of coral bleaching that is threatening tourism industry. The article reports that the coral bleaching has greatly affected the tourism zone that has been attributed to climate change. The article reports that the abnormally high sea temperatures have worsened the situation at the area that caused extensive bleaching. The author says that the impact of bleaching on the destination will likely to affect industry worth approximately $6 million annually and employs 60,000 individuals. The article calls for urgent measures to arrest the problem before it goes out of hand. This has affected the tourism sector as many tourists reportedly prefer other areas that they enjoy themselves. The continuous bleaching has fueled calls within the tourism industry to protect the reefs future that include taking on the Queensland and federal government to support the development of the area. It is believed that this is the last chance tourism (Hannam 2017). The ideas of the article relate to the effect of the changing trends in the area because of the bleaching of the corals on the tourism sector. The impact on tourism is profound and there is the need for measures to address the problem. The implications of the applying the key ideas are important towards putting in place measures to mitigate the problem to ensure that the tourism sector thrives. Slezak, M. 2016. Great Barrier Reef: tourists will go elsewhere if bleaching continues poll, The Guardian. Retrieved on April 25, 2017. The article provides information on the effect of bleaching of corals on tourism that will make tourists to go to destinations that have not been affected by bleaching. The article examines the impact of bleaching of corals in Great Barrier is having on tourists from China, UK and US. The author reports that the continued bleaching of corals at GBR will negatively affect tourism as the tourists are looking for other destinations that have healthy coral reefs. The author says that if bleaching continues on the GBR, tourists will move to other destinations and will take with them approximated $1 billion annually and cost more than 10,000 jobs in regional Queensland. The author further says that the mainstream of the Chinese and nearly a third of the US and UK tourists will move elsewhere other than Australia if the reefs die totally. Nearly 63 of the international visitors acknowledged the problem of bleaching and the majority still believed that it is in good shape. The author estimated that in 2016, about 93 percent of coral reefs experienced bleaching and 22 percent died. It is proposed that policies, like a moratorium on new coalmines may be put in place with minimal impact on the Queensland economy (Slezak 2016). The key ideas of the article relate to tourism because it has affected negatively the tourism sector that, in turn, affects the economy of the region. The ideas are in line with the need to address the problem to stop the negative impact of bleaching of the GBR on the tourism sector. The implications of the article on applying are important in addressing the problem of bleaching of the coral reefs and save the tourism industry. References Anderson, A. 2017. Climate change, tourism and the Great Barrier Reef: what we know. The Conservation. Retrieved on April 25, 2017. Brace, M. 2003. The Race to Stem the Reef's Grief, Geographical (Campion Interactive Publishing), 75 (2), 98. Carr, L. Meldelsohn, R. 2003. Valuing Coral Reefs: A Travel Cost Analysis of the Great Barrier Reef, Ambio, 32 (5): 353-357. Coghlan, A., Fox, R., Prideaux, B., Lck, M. 2011, Successful interpretation in Great Barrier Reef tourism: Dive in or keep out of it?, Tourism in Marine Environments, 7: 167-178. Fyall, A Rakic, T, 2006, The future market for World Heritage sites in A Leask A Fyall (eds), Managing World Heritage sites, Butterworth-Heinemann, Sydney, pp. 160-175. GBRMPA, 2001, Great Barrier Reef water quality: current issues, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville. GBRMPA, 2011, Impact of tropical cyclone Yasi on the Great Barrier Reef: a report on the findings of a rapid impact assessment, July 2011, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville. Hannam, P. 2017. Great Barrier Reef tourism headed for tough times as coral bleaching worsens, The Sidney Morning Herald. Retrieved on April 25, 2017. Huybers, T. Bennett, J. 2003, Environmental management and the competitiveness of nature- based tourism destinations, Environment and Resource Economics, 24: 213-233. Kragt, M. E., P. C. Roebeling, A. Ruijs. 2009. Effects of Great Barrier Reef degradation on recreational reef-trip demand: a contingent behaviour approach, Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 53:213-229. Luo, Y. Deng, J. 2008, The New Environmental Paradigm and nature based tourism motivation, Journal of Tourism Research, 46:392-402. Prideaux, B., McKercher, B. and McNamara, K. 2013, Modelling a Tourism Response to Climate Change Using a Four Stage Problem Definition and Response Framework, Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, DOI:10.1080/10941665.2012.688516. Robertson, J. 2017. Great Barrier Reef tourism: caught between commerce and conservation alarm. The Guardian. Retrieved on April 25, 2017. Selrach, S. 2016. Great Barrier Reef Nears Its Death, Tourists Rush to Australia, Nature World News. Retrieved on April 25, 2017. Slezak, M. 2016. Great Barrier Reef: tourists will go elsewhere if bleaching continues poll, The Guardian. Retrieved on April 25, 2017. Willacy. C. 2016. Great Barrier Reef coral bleaching could cost $1b in lost tourism, research suggests, ABC. Retrieved on April 25, 2017. Zeppel, H. 2011, Climate change and tourism in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Current Issues in Tourism, 15 (3).

Sales Management Telcontar

Questions: 1. Do you feel that Pages background in sales and marketing is the right kind of experience for this type of new venture? Might not a more technical background be more appropriate? 2.Pages immediate task is to recruit members for the sales team. Advise Page as to the type of salespersons he should be looking for. Answers: 1. Telcontar is known as the provider of the premier software platform for location-based services (LBS). A location based service is useful software that uses location data to control features. LBS can be used in different contexts such as agriculture, indoor, work, entertainment and personal life. Clients of Telcontar are Yahoo, Hutchison 3G, Criticom, Satronics and ATX technologies. Therefore, it can be seen that each of these companies belong to technical backgrounds. Managing director in any organization is the most senior person who bears the responsibility for the performance of his company. He reports to the chairman and shareholder and leads board of director. As Page has helped to restructure the business operation of previous company, it is evident that he is quite efficient in dealing with ground level employees. From this perspective, it can be said that Page will be able to handle these internal operations, as here critical technical knowledge is not required (Block, 20 16). However, it is also seen that all the clients of the organization are from technical background. While attending client meeting, Page will be asked to discuss about new technologies and software. From his experience, it can be assumed that he will ne be able to handle such situations. However, the questions are how many times he will be able to handle such situation without having proper technical knowledge and background. Therefore, it is important to have at least some amount of technical knowledge while communicating with such clients who are the leaders in software industry. 2. In order to expand the business, Telcontar would need a high numbers of salespersons that can capture greater market for the company. It is also crucial that he is aware of any problem related to that software in every area it materializes. They must understand that clients know all the problems; however, they do not understand how these problems cause problems in different functions and departments (Limbu et al, 2016). In addition to that, as the company is approaching towards new and unexplored market, the salespeople of Telcontar need to have the quality of developing proper relationship with the clients. The sales person will have to exhibit to his clients that he is an expert in the sector. Then clients will allow that salesperson to guide him in the implementation of new solutions. As a sales person, one has to trust what they are selling. Salesperson has to be persuasive as without it he will not be able to become an expert of the product (Farah, 2015). In this context, it can be observed the Telcontar would need consultant type of salespeople. The consultant salespeople have the capability of closing deals and developing relationships at the same time. The consultant sales persons are highly popular for their problem-solving ability and customer satisfactory approach. With the adoptive and well-rounded quality the consultant type of sales people are most appropriate for business necessity of Telcontar. Hence, Page should focus on consultant types of salespeople at the time of recruiting them. References Block, P. (2016).The empowered manager: Positive political skills at work. John Wiley Sons. Farah, J. J. (2015). What Makes a Good Salesperson. InProceedings of the 1983 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 334-338). Springer International Publishing. Limbu, Y. B., Limbu, Y. B., Jayachandran, C., Jayachandran, C., Babin, B. J., Babin, B. J., ... Peterson, R. T. (2016). Empathy, nonverbal immediacy, and salesperson performance: the mediating role of adaptive selling behavior.Journal of Business Industrial Marketing,31(5), 654-667. Lo, S. M. M., Sharma, P. (2015). Exploring the role of salesperson attributes and service behaviors in adaptive selling. InBoundary Spanning Elements and the Marketing Function in Organizations(pp. 63-79). Springer International Publishing.